The Moral Imperative of Subject Access to Indigenous Knowledge: Considerations and Alternative Paths

Abstract

How should libraries classify indigenous or traditional knowledge? This paper presents an argument against universal access and in favor of working with the people who produce the knowledge. Adopting the perspective that reliable subject access to indigenous knowledge is a moral imperative for libraries and other knowledge institutions, this paper explores obstacles to inclusive subject access as a social justice issue – more specifically, a cognitive justice issue. We begin by looking at universal classification supporting universal access. Next, we define indigenous people and traditional knowledge as incompatible with positivist worldviews supported in universal knowledge organization systems (KOSs) such as Library of Congress Classification (LCC) scheme, Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), or Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) scheme. Organizing indigenous knowledge for use is then addressed, with examples of universal Western KOSs and specialized KOS initiatives presented and analyzed. In particular, we look at specialized KOSs supporting indigenous knowledge based on indigenous warrant, but also briefly survey schemes and vocabularies specialized for use by and for other marginalized groups as KOSs supporting the cognitive justice imperative. Finally, we look at options for access in light of the moral imperative that is reliable subject access and consider a number of innovative approaches. The use of Internet-based technologies permits the creation of robust ontologies that have the potential to support indigenous/specialized and universal access simultaneously. User-generated content (UGC) also can support reliable subject access in the web environment through the use of folksonomies, geographic information, or other content provided by end-users. Although technology offers a number of future paths, physical materials must still be considered. No matter the format of the item, one thing is clear: to provide reliable subject access to indigenous knowledge, the efforts undertaken must be a partnership between information professionals and indigenous peoples.
¿Cómo deberían clasificar las bibliotecas el conocimiento tradicional o indígena? Esta ponencia es un argumento en contra del acceso universal y en favor del trabajo con la gente que produce dicho conocimiento. Desde la perspectiva de que un acceso por materias fiable al conocimiento indígena es un imperativo moral para las bibliotecas y otras instituciones de acceso al conocimiento, la ponencia explora los obstáculos existentes para acceder por materias de forma inclusiva bajo el punto de vista de la justicia social, más concretamente, de la justicia cognitiva. Comenzamos analizando si la clasificación universal favorece un acceso global. Después, explicamos la incompatibilidad entre los pueblos y el conocimiento indígenas y el punto de vista mundial positivista de los sistemas de organización del conocimiento universales (KOSs, en sus siglas en inglés) tales como el esquema de clasificación de la Library of Congress (LCC), los encabezamientos de materias de la misma (LCSH), o la Clasificación Decimal Dewey (CDD). A continuación planteamos una forma de organización del conocimiento indígena para su uso, con ejemplos de los sistemas de organización del conocimiento universales occidentales y con iniciativas de sistemas especializados para otros grupos marginales con el fin de cumplir con el imperativo de la justicia cognitiva. Finalmente, analizamos, estudiando algunos enfoques innovadores, las opciones disponibles teniendo como base el imperativo moral de un acceso por materias fiable. El uso de tecnologías basadas en Internet permite la creación de ontologías sólidas que tienen el potencial de dar soporte simultáneamente tanto al acceso universal como al especializado y/o indígena. El contenido generado por el usuario (UGC, en sus siglas en inglés) también sustenta el acceso por materias fiable en el entorno web a través del uso de folcsonomías, información geográfica y otro contenido aportado por usuarios finales. Aunque la tecnología ofrece varios caminos futuros, no debemos olvidar los documentos físicos. No importa el formato del mismo, una cosa está clara: se debe dar un acceso por materias fiable al conocimiento indígena, los esfuerzos para ello deben ir dirigidos hacia la colaboración entre los profesionales de la información y los pueblos indígenas.

Description

Keywords

Citation

Allouh, M. (1998). Ibn Rushd: Thésaurus arabe-français relatif au Maghreb et à son environnement historico-culturel andalou et africain (1st ed.). Casablanca : Fondation du Roi Abdul-Aziz Saoud pour les Etudes Islamiques et les Sciences Humaines. Agrawal, A. (2002). Indigenous knowledge and the politics of classification. International Social Science Journal, 54(173), 287-297. Anderson, J. (2005). Access and control of Indigenous knowledge in libraries and archives: Ownership and future use. In Conference Proceedings for Correcting Course: Rebalancing Copyright for Libraries in the National and International Arena, American Library Association, The MacArthur Foundation, and Columbia University, New York. Retrieved from http://skpubliclibraries.pbworks.com/f/paper_anderson.pdf Bates, M. J. (1989). Rethinking subject cataloging in the online environment. Library Resources & Technical Services, 33(4), 400-412. Berman, S. (1995, Winter). When the subject is Indians. American Indian Libraries Newsletter. Vol. XVIII, No. 2. Retrieved April 28, 2016 from http://www.nativeculturelinks.com/ailanewsW95_LCindians.html. Bishop, B. W., Moulaison, H. L., & Burwell, C. L. (2015). Geographic knowledge organization: Critical cartographic cataloging and place-names in the Geoweb. Knowledge Organization, 42(4), 199-210. Buchanan, B. (1979). Theory of library classification. London: Clive Bingley. Burgess, J. (2015, March 4). Cognitive Justice and the LIS Curriculum [Webinar]. ALISEXChange on behalf of the ALISE Information Ethics Special Interest Group. Budd, J. M. (1996). The complexity of information retrieval: A hypothetical example. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 22(2), 111-117. Carr, D. (2003). The promise of cultural institutions. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Classification System, The. (2012, July 21). Central Catholic Library. [archive.is webpage capture from http://www.catholiclibrary.ie/classification/class_standalone.htm]. Retrieved from http://archive.is/ykQg Cherry, A., & Mukunda, K. (2015). A case study in indigenous classification: Revisiting and reviving the Brian Deer Scheme. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 53(5-6), 548–567. http://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2015.1008717 Corbman, R. F. (2014). A genealogy of the Lesbian Herstory Archives, 1974-2014. Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies, 1(1), 1. Retrieved from http://elischolar.library.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=jcas Day, R. E. (2005). Clearing up “implicit knowledge”: Implications for knowledge management, information science, psychology, and social epistemology. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 56(6), 630-635. Doyle, A. M., Lawson, K., & Dupont, S. (2015). Indigenization of knowledge organization at the Xwi7xwa Library. Retrieved from https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/54261 Elazar, D. H. (2008). The making of a classification scheme for libraries of Judaica. Judaica Librarianship, 14, 15-25. Gordon, D. M., & Krech, S. (2012). Indigenous knowledge and the environment in Africa and North America. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. Green, R. (2015). Indigenous peoples in the US, sovereign nations, and the DDC. Knowledge Organization, 42(4), 211-221. Idrees, H., & Mahmood, K. (2009). Devising a classification scheme for Islam: Opinions of LIS and Islamic studies scholars. Library Philosophy and Practice, (October), 1–15. Johnson, M. (2007, August). GLBT Controlled Vocabularies and Classification Schemes. Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual & Transgender Round Table (GLBTRT). Retrieved April 19, 2016, from http://www.ala.org/glbtrt/popularresources/vocab Lee, H. (2012). Epistemic foundation of bibliographic classification in early China: A Ru classicist perspective. Journal of Documentation, 68(3), 378–401. http://doi.org/10.1108/00220411211225593 Library of Congress to Cancel the Subject Heading “Illegal Aliens” (2016, March 22). Retrieved April 20, 2016, from https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/illegal-aliens-decision.pdf. Mazzocchi, F. (2006). Western science and traditional knowledge: Despite their variations, different forms of knowledge can learn from each other. EMBO Reports, 7(5), 463–466. http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400693 Mawere, M. (2012). The struggle of African indigenous knowledge systems in an age of globalization: A case for children's traditional games in south-eastern Zimbabwe. Cameroon: Langaa RPCIG. Nakata, M. (2002). Indigenous knowledge and the cultural interface. In A. Hickling-Hudson, J. Matthews, & A. Woods, A. (Eds.), Disrupting preconceptions: Postcolonialism and education (pp. 19–38). Maleny: Post Pressed Academic. Olson, H. A. (2006). Codes, costs, and critiques: The organization of information in Library Quarterly, 1931–2004. The Library Quarterly, 76(1), 19–35. http://doi.org/10.1086/504343 Otlet, P. (1934). Traité de documentation: le livre sur le livre: théorie et pratique. Brussels: D. Van Keerberghen & Fils. Retrieved from http://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/handle/1854/5612/Traite_de_documentation_ocr.pdf Polanyi, M. (1967). The tacit dimension. Garden City, NY: Anchor. Polanyi, M. (1974). Personal knowledge: Towards a post-critical philosophy. Chicago: University of Chicago. Rafferty, P. (2001). The representation of knowledge in library classification schemes. Knowledge Organization, 28(4), 180–191. Sahadath, C. (2013). Classifying the margins: Using alternative classification schemes to empower diverse and marginalized users. Feliciter, 59(3), 15–17. Svenonius, E. (2000). The Intellectual Foundation of Information Organization (1st ed.). The MIT Press. Swanson, R. (2015). Adapting the Brian Deer Classification System for Aanischaaukamikw Cree Cultural Institute. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 53(5-6), 568–579. http://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2015.1009669 Szostak, R. (2014). Classifying for social diversity. Knowledge Organization, 41(2), 160-170. Taxonomies & Controlled Vocabularies SIG. (n.d.). American Society for Indexing. Retrieved on April 28, 2016, from http://www.taxonomies-sig.org/about.htm. Tennis, J. T. (2012). Le poids du langage et de l’action dans l’organisation des connaissances : Position épistémologique; action méthodologique et perspective théorique. In M. Hudon & W. M. El Hadi (eds.). Organisation des connaissances : épistémologie, approches théoriques et méthodologiques (pp. 15–40). Lille: Université Charles-de-Gaulle. Virtanen, I. (2010). Epistemological problems concerning explication of tacit knowledge. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 11(4).